Sunday, October 22, 2023

Part V      

                 The Belle Époque à la Turk                                                   Mostly Fond Memories of 1990s Turkey      

                                                          

                                                           Time Travel

I may have a long wait for the beloved Turkey of the nineties to emerge from what I hope is only a hibernation, but in the meantime, I do have one consolation. I know of one place, a computer repair shop in Balikesir I have been going to for over 15 years, where the owner and his friends all seem to be stepped out of the 1990s. In fact, the place itself, in its disarray and packrat appearance, fits right into that era. For me, it is as though the shop’s door is a wormhole providing space-time travel back to my beloved Bursa of the 90s. 

If there's a photo that encapsulates the "laid back" aspect of 90s Turkey, it's this one of a used book seller's outside table. (Photo © Hans Peter Grumpe)

There are a more or less fixed group of 10 people who drop by this shop at various times every day or two to chat and drink tea with Mehmet, the owner. Of course each of them knows me as the American living in Turkey with a Turkish wife and two boys, but the fact that Mehmet introduced me to a few of them with the approving words of “a very good man” seemed to put them at ease in my presence. In my eyes, they relate to me almost like one of the gang, except that, since most all Turks don’t believe a foreigner can really speak and understand Turkish, they converse more slowly and enunciate more clearly with me than they might with fellow Turks.* They are also always asking my opinion of some Turkish issue for the reason that, as a foreigner, I’m sure to have a different, interesting view. This, too, takes me happily back to my years in Bursa when the Turks I met showed a real curiosity in learning the thoughts of those on the outside of Turkey.

*In this regard, foreigners often speak of Turks having a "talking dog syndrome." 
Be that as it may, I must admit I do really appreciate this tendency from time to time.

I could not feel more relaxed than I do when I am sitting in this dark, dusty and, most noticeably, “cluttered” shop. Places of this sort were quite prevalent 30 years ago and were generally dedicated to a repair service or the sale of items like electrical goods or hardware. When I first arrived in Turkey, I learned quickly that despite the appearance of extreme disorderliness, griminess and often penury, these shops had the most knowledgeable and competent proprietors, not to mention the lowest price.  

After I moved to Ayvalik and began to set up house, I had a memorable encounter with this kind of shop. I went on a quest to buy of all things a hand-held kitchen utensil to make mashed potatoes, one of my favorite dishes. This is what my father used when he made them, his specialty, and I got it in my head I needed the same thing to mash my potatoes. Everywhere I went, showing a picture of what I wanted, I was told the only place to get one was Istanbul, and even they might not have any. Finally, one shopkeeper told me I only needed to go to a place in Ayvalik of a man named Yörük Ali. “Yes, the man has everything under the sun, and if he doesn’t have it, you don’t need it.”

The shop was in a large, old wooden structure in the town center set off from all other buildings. When you entered, the sudden darkness brought on from having walked out of the bright sun into this mostly unlit interior reminded you of being inside a barn, the effect strengthened as you noticed the sunlight streaming through the gaps between the wooden planks of the walls. Despite the lack of light, you were able to make out a huge network of metal shelves throughout the 400 square yards of the shop, all packed to the gills, but also mounds of merchandise stacked in front and behind the shelves, from the floor five feet up. These stacks turned out on closer inspection to be composed of a mix-match of things, such as a plastic-cased sewing kit sandwiched between a bicycle tire repair kit and a box of salad serving tongs. There was a network of trails going in between and around these stacks, and I had to worm my way carefully through about 10 yards of them to get to the man sitting at a desk toward the back of the shop.

Shops with merchandise piled from floor to ceiling have a long tradition in Turkey. (Photo: "Waiting for Bazaar Customers," 1959, © Ara Güler)

On the desk was the sole source of artificial light in the place, a 12 inch fluorescent tube in a desk lamp that looked like Ali had fashioned it himself out of miscellaneous parts. The main lighting in the shop was provided by three small windows, all of them filtering the sunlight through a brownish hue that comes from not being washed in perhaps decades. Thankfully, all of this gave enough illumination to keep you from tripping over the merchandise, at least when your eyes finally got adjusted. 

Ali took one look at my picture and gave me the Turkish ‘no,’ signaled by a “tsk” sound and a simultaneous throwing back of the head. “Never seen such a thing,” he said. He did pull out something remotely resembling it, which appeared to have been custom made by a blacksmith- “Though this is for horse breeders, it looks like your thing” - but I declined. Then, as I said thanks and turned around to leave, processing the failure of my mission, Ali had some parting words for me: “Just wondering, why don’t you use a fork like everybody else?”*  

*Later, I was dumbstruck by the beautiful simplicity of Ali’s ‘fork solution,’ and realized that I had missed seeing it before because I had all sorts of rigid and false assumptions of what I needed in my life. The list of those things was endless. Did I really need Jerry Redding’s coconut oil-based shampoo badly enough to get American friends to lug 12 bottles over on their visits? Wasn’t a Turkish marketed shampoo with almond rather than coconut oil for 1/10th the price good enough? Interesting how some of the more profound lessons come from places or people you’d least expect.

Mehmet's shop is not as cluttered or dirty as Yörük Ali’s, but it’s still a sight to behold. In any case, most westerners I know would be absolutely horrified when first walking into his shop. In the middle of the main floor space as you enter is a mountain-like stack of computer cases, printers and whatnot about four feet high and seven feet across. Some of this is yet to be claimed repair items, but most is what Mehmet has saved over a decade for resell or parts. Also, on hooks on the walls and hanging off the door to the 
back workshop is perhaps the largest collection of various phone and computer cables in western Turkey.


This is what you see as you enter Mehmet's shop. When he is sitting in his chair, he will swing around and pull out from the shelves, like a magician reaching into his hat, practically any computer part you ask for.

Once in 2012 when I needed a charge cable for a 1998 flip phone I wanted to give to my youngest son, not only did he actually know exactly which type of cable I needed but he picked it out from his collection without one false motion. 

In front of his desk (just out of frame) are three chairs and a stool crowded around a small table. The table serves primarily as a repository for glasses of tea, the drinking of which is almost compulsory when you sit down. 

One of the things living in Turkey has taught me is that a simple, very inexpensive activity like tea drinking can be extremely satisfying and enjoyable. It’s a social event, one that anybody, even the poorest person, can bring about just by inviting someone to have a glass. The tea itself takes less importance here. If the tea has stayed on the stove too long and is bitter, as often happens, it really doesn’t detract from the quality of the social event. (Photo by Peter Nybak)

Although it is true that the shop with all its disarray and dust attracts you just as a male bastion, in the same way that you are drawn to hang out in your friend’s grungy, cluttered garage as he disassembles his car engine, it is also a refuge of sorts from the slick, Europeanized marketing that took over Turkey this new millennium. In my book, with its total lack of pretense, Mehmet's shop, and the many others like it that still exist, are pleasingly antithetical to that.


This man has to be crowned the king of clutter, disarray, griminess or what have you, a proprietor in Mardin of God-knows-what kind of shop. 

But like many other places of this genre, if the guy had what you wanted- and he probably would -he'd be able to locate it and pull it out from a pile all the while blindfolded. (Photo © Billy Dinh, 2021, used with permission)

Stopping off at Mehmet's shop can be a highlight of my day. It’s no exaggeration to say that I like the man more than practically anyone I’ve met in Turkey in the past 30 years. First and foremost I’d say he is one of the nicest, most hospitable and generous people I have ever met. 

But other pluses abound. He is, while being extremely intelligent and a mathematical whiz, totally unassuming and unpretentious. He also has a great deal of “world knowledge”- hands down more than most college graduates in Turkey, despite coming from a small village and never having gone beyond high school. Even his expertise in electronics is mostly self-taught. 

I also learn a lot from him. Just recently he introduced me to Portuguese Fado music and also to some Iranian musicians who are quite remarkable. This is more unusual than it sounds as most Turks listen almost exclusively to Turkish music, with perhaps the occasional western rock piece allowed on the side. Finally, he has, for a Turk, an unusually objective grasp on what Turks are like. This includes a humorous take on his compatriots, in the self-deprecatory fashion that I so miss, but also a critical, often less than flattering one that I find redemptive in its honesty. 

Although, as I have said, Turks are in general a very self-aware nationality, Mehmet is in my book a full level above this. I can be totally open with him whenever I am feeling disillusioned, fed up or otherwise pissed off from one of my dealings in Turkish society. Moreover, when I do vent myself I needn’t fear touching a nationalistic nerve, as I have regretfully done so often with other Turks I know. Once when I figured I had been overcharged for some sand paper and was ranting in his shop about being taken advantage of simply because I was not a Turk, not only did he validate my feelings but immediately took it upon himself to act in my defense. He returned the sand paper to the hardware store and got my money back, which was only the equivalent of about 50 cents, but also lectured the owner, as he told me later, that taking advantage of foreigners* was just as dishonest, and wrong for Muslims, as overcharging fellow Turks.

*Unfortunately, many Turks in business charge foreigners more than the “correct” price. A two tier system, one for Turks and a second for “others,” even has had some precedent in government operations, where, for example, some state museums have charged foreign tourists more for admission than local ones. When my family buys something with no price sticker attached, I most often wait outside the shop- this, on the advice of both my wife and father-in-law - so that the proprietor won’t get wind that a foreigner is involved. 

This is at the other end of the spectrum- a good example of clean, ordered, floor-to-ceiling clutter. (Photo: "Grand Bazaar," 1965, © Ara Güler)

His insight into the character of his people was well demonstrated when he advised me how to get a bank manager to solve a problem I was having with receiving money from abroad. I had repeatedly complained to this manager with no long lasting satisfactory result, but Mehmet suggested I work in some compliments about Turkey on my next visit as a way to motivate him to actually solve the problem. I was well versed in using compliments to manipulate events, as I described in my Bursa teaching days, but strangely it had never occurred to me until Mehmet's suggestion to use them outside school.

Then Mehmet got more specific about what I needed to do, and it certainly rang a bell, “Tell him something complimentary, but casually, like Turkish women are the most beautiful in the world. Nothing gratifies a Turk more than praise of his country or people coming from a foreigner.” Although when I actually did this it might have appeared to the bank officer as an obvious ploy to get on his good side to manipulate him, it didn’t matter. My extolling the beauty of Turkish women* did in fact turn out to be the force that moved him and was the permanent solution to my financial problem.

*"I married one of them. What better praise could there be?" is one thing I said which hit bullseye.

The fact that Mehmet is the person I like the most in all my years in Turkey might seem improbable to you if you knew each of us well. Whereas I am pretty much an agnostic when it comes to religion, he is a pious Muslim who closes his shop several times a week to pray. My lack of religion is not an issue for him, however, because he seems to regard- again, uncommon for Turks - the practices and formalities of religion as a mere dressing on both good and bad people. As he has often said to me, “It’s what kind of person you are inside that matters when God decides if you go to heaven, not how often you go to the mosque or church.”

Although he gives me a pass for my agnosticism, and pretty much leaves me alone on the subject of Islam, over the years he has not been completely silent on the topic. Once he asked me to go to Friday prayer with him. I was touched, and actually considered going, but declined finally because I thought my necessarily insincere participation in the prayer would be disrespectful. In another instance, I was sitting in his shop chatting when he came out of the back room holding a small carton. Extending his arms out as though he was offering the box as a gift, he said that it contained some pamphlets explaining the Islamic faith, but, he was proud to say, in English. Having had a lot of uncomfortable experiences in Turkey with people preaching Islam to me, a well-worn little red “oh-oh” flag popped up in my brain as I took hold of the box and set it on the table. I glanced through some of the 25 or 30 booklets*, trying to look as appreciative as I could, but I was betrayed by a look of apprehension on my face, reflecting my certainty that I would never read them and, when he found out, offend Mehmet.

*The titles were incomprehensible in their nonsensical English. Two that I still have in my bookshelf, kept as remembrances, are “Faith Were Very Going to Paradise” and “Laid in Tulips God’s Hat.”

As it turned out, I never had the chance to feel guilty for not reading the pamphlets. Sensing my discomfort when he gave them to me, Mehmet explained a few days after he presented me the box that he had only thought I might want them because they were in English and said that if I wanted I could just toss the whole shebang (“bütün mesele”) in the closet. I did in fact do exactly that, and, thankfully, he has never made mention of them since. 

Most experiences of someone pitching Islam at me in Turkey have been those where I was the target of my students’ rehearsed speeches, sometimes even as I was right in the heart of my lesson. Once, about 15 minutes into a long-practiced explanation of the Present Perfect verb tense, when I felt I was in that teaching ‘zone’ and reaching inside the students’ brains with my authoritative and self confident teaching persona, a girl raised her hand and started waving it impatiently. Expecting a comment about what I had just gone over, which I was certain almost no one had understood, I gladly stopped my train of thought and called on her. But instead of a question related to the time aspects of verb forms, I heard these words: “Teacher, the Bible, as you know, has too many versions, but the Koran has only one. So it must be the true one, isn’t it?” 

I have also had encounters with proselytizing Turks who “just happened” to bump into me as I travelled through the country. The pitches have usually been in English because, seeing that 99.8% of Turks are Muslim, the majority of heathens will be tourists or resident foreigners like myself. 

One of the most frequently used approaches involves rattling off of names of famous people who have changed faiths to Islam- Anthony Quinn, Jacques Cousteau and Cat Stevens were the names used in the nineties - and asking if their having found Islam to be the true way isn’t reason enough for you yourself to consider converting. Unfortunately, my standard retort has done nothing more than bounce off my interlockers. This has been to argue that for matters of religion, like other endeavors of the intellect, one could do worse than following the example of Albert Einstein, who, it happens, was an agnostic Jew.

Cat Stevens became a Muslim in 1977, but for those of us that grew up with him and were fans in the earlier years, lending his cachet to Erdoğan in a photo op is disheartening indeed. (Photo from Google Images)

But perhaps the more flagrant mismatch in our relationship is the fact that Mehmet is an Erdoğan supporter, and a staunch one at that. In 2013 the subject of the then prime minister first came up in our conversation when there was a huge money scandal in his government, one in which the man himself and his family were implicated by some of the press. Mehmet had begun to explain why Erdoğan had probably been framed by the political opposition when my displeased expression, which was really one of fear that the subject would cause us to have cross words, prompted him to stop cold in his tracks and bring up something less contentious. Since then we haven’t mentioned the name “Erdoğan,” even though the topic of him, by virtue of the day’s news, may be the elephant in the room. We both understand that maintaining our friendship is more valuable than convincing each other of our politics.

You may be wondering how I can be praising Mehmet and at the same time describe him as a supporter of a government which in the last decade has shown itself to be very autocratic. If I don’t discuss or even mention that which I see as the violation of democratic rights in Turkey it’s because I don't see agreement on these matters possible. I see our enormously differing perspectives on the subject as a natural outcome of the fact that I was raised in California, part of a young country that was born a democratic republic, and he in a culture steeped in Ottoman authoritarianism. I don’t think he would change his thinking on the matter of the State versus freedom of expression any more readily than he would drop his preference for Turkish lahmacun and assume mine for New York style pizza*

*Truth be told, Turks sometimes seem to me, one still solidly of American temperament despite all my years abroad, as though they could be from a different planet. In spite of what some people say, that wherever you go people are basically the same, I would argue the contrary, or at least that they are different in more ways than they are similar. If you just look at what people think is funny in, say, Thailand, you'll be scratching-your-head incredulous.

In all the countries that I have visited, I have been able to name only as many as two things we all have in common: The propensity to write “Wash Me” (or Lave-Moi, Beni Yıka, etc.) with one’s finger on a dusty car, and, secondly, the habit of keeping a cup on one’s desk filled with an assortment of old ballpoint pens, not one of which writes. 
                     Democracy in a Bus

Mehmet and, from what I gather from all my years in Turkey, the majority of Turks*, fall short in our expectations of participants in democracy because coming as they do from six centuries of autocratic rule, they just don’t have the full set of beliefs and attitudes that are necessary to lubricate the workings of a full-on democracy. Even though Turkey has been a republic now for 100 years, it appears shaking off your legacy of autocratic rule is no easy feat, as we saw after the fall of Communism and the subsequent struggles and failures to adopt democratic reforms. 

*Here in the educated, liberal minded (and Levantine) west, you will meet just as many democratically "hip" folks as you would in Europe, but as I've tried to underline, the west is not representative of the whole of Turkey. Their political views would make up only about 25% of a national vote.

Early into my Turkish residency, I confronted this divergence from American or European behavior when I was struck by the passive behavior of Turks in a circumstance where I felt they should have asserted their rights.

Just a few months after my arrival in Bursa, on a 12-hour bus trip to see the Whirling Dervishes in Konya in the dead of winter, I witnessed an unforgettable example of what I have to call 'zombi-esque' submissiveness to an untenable situation, as well as the self-inflicted suffering that went with it. It seemed peculiar enough to me to write a blog post about it called “Democracy in a Bus” to share with some of my friends in the States. 

In the beginning of the piece, I recounted what was for me very unusual human behavior: 
“We were traveling in blizzard conditions and the heater had been on in full force for too long, so much so that men had stripped down to their athletic undershirts, fanning themselves with the sport pages from the newspapers they had long given up reading in the sweltering hot house of the bus. I was unbearably overheated myself, but because I considered myself a newly arrived guest of the country who, in any case, didn’t know how to speak Turkish, I waited for a Turk to ask the bus steward to turn off the heat. 

“But it just didn’t happen. The bus steward was walking up and down the aisle, but no one was expressing the slightest discomfort to him, only asking for more water. I was especially concerned about the Muslim women, wrapped in overcoats and headscarves, as is the custom when they are outside the home. They could not remove articles of clothing like the men, but I also knew because they wouldn’t consider it their place to complain to the steward, they were pretty much trapped in hellish conditions. 

“So finally, sure that no one else was going to act, I motioned the steward over, and, with the gesture of fanning my face, said very loudly, “Very hot! Please turn off!” To which he smiled and said “Otomatik…otomatik!” and shrugged his shoulders to indicate that there was nothing to do about it.

 "After 90 minutes more being trapped inside the hellishly hot bus, we stopped at a small station to collect more passengers. It was going to be a ten-minute break, so most everybody, including me, stood up gleefully as we wheeled to a stop to get out and stick their face in the frosty night air. As I passed the driver, who was still in his seat busy writing something in a log, I turned to him and made the same fanning gesture I had made to the bus steward. When I added “very hot,” he replied- in English – “No problem, my friend” while reaching above and flicking off a switch.  

“For the rest of the bus trip, as men put back on their shirts and coats and returned to their sports pages, I began to wonder why no one had had the courage- that seemed to me the correct word here – to say what they wanted with a simple request.” 

Back in Bursa, I discussed the matter with the directors of the school, who, despite being Turks themselves, I thought had an extraordinarily objective take on Turkish people. What they said, in fact together at the same time, was “Peter, Turkish people are like sheep!” It was said by both with a measure of disgust in their voice, signaling to me that I wasn’t the only one who had noticed the Turks’ tendency toward passivity.

But it was also less of an explanation than I had hoped for, and so I tried to work one out for myself by getting the opinion of most everybody I knew. What I began to put together is that the overheating incident in the bus had happened in what, if we were disposed to highfalutin language, we would call a microcosm of authoritarian society, this particular one being Ottoman branded. In this instance, the submissive attitude of the passengers had been occasioned by six centuries of rulers who succeeded in large part by breeding their citizenry to be passively silent.  

The padishah in this microcosm, making it more symmetrical to an actual sultanate, was the bus driver- who, by the way, is tellingly referred to as “kaptan" (captain) by Turks. In our bus, he was separated from the row of passenger seats behind him by a plexiglass divider, on which, to further make the point, was a sign saying “Do not speak with the driver,” both in Turkish and English.* 

*Perhaps even more revealing about the dynamics of the driver-passenger relationship was what happened in 1997 when smoking began to be prohibited in all public places, including buses. Although passengers, facing a hefty fine if they lit up in the bus, refrained from doing so- and for chain smoking Turks, holding out between stops could be painful -the drivers seemed to think they were privileged and would have a cigarette several times during the journey. When I saw this happen, and just to make a point, I would often ask the bus steward if I could light up too. The answer of course was no, but why only the driver could smoke was never adequately explained. Answers I got most often were that drivers need to smoke to combat stress from traffic, or that it’s OK because the driver cracks open his window, or, my favorite, that the law applies only to the public, not to the driver. (Photo from Google Images)

Even if my explanation of what was happening in the bus is overelaborate, my main point, that many Turks lack the most basic democratic reflexes, is no exaggeration.* For most of the population, ordinary democratic rights, such as the right to free speech, and examples where they are breeched by the government are not a topic of interest. For those people, democracy only means voting, and being able to vote is a sole and sufficient condition for democracy to be said to exist.** 

*Nowadays, 30 years after my Konya bus trip, you would see the same passivity reign in the bus, except that now, in a little show of progress, there might be five to ten passengers out of sixty, probably male, who would have the gumption to speak up.

**In this vein, Erdogan once made a statement about democracy that underscores the simplicity of some Turks’ views. What he said was a bit strange and perplexing, but mainly discouraging in how misconceived it was. In an interview when he was mayor of Istanbul, he remarked, “Democracy is like a tram. You ride it until you arrive at your destination, then you step off.”  

Mehmet, had he been on that Konya bus, would surely have made the driver aware that the heater should be turned off. But if he has finer democratic reflexes than most other Turks, it's because they have been nurtured from a practiced businessman’s belief that paying for something, even in Turkey,* gives you certain rights. In the case of the bus, he, unlike many other Turks, regards it as understood that buying a ticket entitles you to a comfortable environment for the journey, no less than it assures you of your own seat. 

*Although things are improving vis à vis consumer rights in Turkey, it is still difficult to return an unsatisfactory purchased item. If they suspect you used it at all, or if you have damaged the original packaging, they generally decline. In my most aggravating experience, I was trying to return to a well-known supermarket chain a liter of ice cream that once opened at home proved to be crystalized and tasted horrible. The cashier claimed- as ridiculous as it sounds- that because I had taken a spoonful, I had started eating it and therefore, she implied, was trying to trick the store into getting free ice cream. This outraged me and raised my voice by 50 decibels. Luckily that attracted the manager, and he refunded my money just to get me out of there.



While you are riding the bus and appraising democracy in Turkey, look out the window and you will probably see, as you pass through a city, shiny, new and expensive cars parked on the sidewalk. This is a vestige of the thinking that wealth gives privilege. If you don't believe that, try the parking on the sidewalk stunt in a 2005 Fiat. 

Here a guy has parked on the sidewalk so that he can use a bank's ATM. 

I think the rule people follow is that the shinier and more expensive the car, the more it deflects the police. (Photo by Peter Nybak, 2023)

Outside of consumer rights, Mehmet would be less adamant in his support of such things as freedom of speech or assembly. He would say Turkish citizens had the right but only so far as it doesn't jeopardize the security of the State. There’s the rub: the term “security threat” has assumed a whole new meaning in the last twenty years. In that time, as we said, the government’s propensity has been to charge a seemingly inordinate number of people with terrorist related offenses, often sending them to jail, when sometimes the justification for the charges has remained elusive to outsiders. 

Mehmet feels no sympathy for people prosecuted for possibly dubious reasons because he, like many other Turks, believes the government's characterization of them must be correct- the line of thinking being “We have no reason to challenge the State on this matter. It knows what it's doing.”

Since debating these matters would undoubtedly cause a rift between us, instead of politics Mehmet and I talk endlessly about matters in philosophy and ethics, subjects for which we happily have a lot of agreement. Mehmet is a humanist with moral principles very much like my own- though sometimes they seem even more elevated than mine - and while I don’t understand how those principles can co exist with his politics, at the end of the day one has to see him as a very fine human being.   

                             So now let’s take a step into Mehmet's shop 

The date is early December 2022. It’s a day too cold and rainy to be walking on the street so I head for shelter at Mehmet's. I’m not thinking of a heated room so much as I am of a glass of tea. This is because the shop has no heating to speak of and, anyway, the door- and this was an annoying habit hugely pervasive in Bursa in the 90s -is always kept open*, even during snow storms, so as not to discourage potential walk-in customers. 

I enter Mehmet's, retracting my umbrella and scrunching up my body so as to not to drip on the computers stacked next to me. 

These are the computer cases and things that line the path from the front door to Mehmet's desk. (Photo by Peter Nybak)
Mehmet: Welcome, Peter Bey! Please sit and have some tea. 

Me: (closing door and nodding) Thank you! (Actually, in Turkish, I say ‘We find you well’ as a response to ‘welcome.’) 

Now, once sitting down, rubbing my hands together to signal how cold the shop is, I see across from me the faces of Ali and Can, both city street sweepers decked out in fluorescent green slickers. I figure they are thankful that the windows are steamed up so that no one can see that they are shirking their duty. There is also a guy I don’t know, whom Mehmet says is Osman, a general contractor. After some small talk… 


Mehmet: We were talking about inflation, a very depressing subject. 

Osman: Peter Bey, you probably don’t know, but in the 90s inflation was worse, always 100% and more. It may be by small degrees, but Turkey is getting better. 
Now, I’m thinking to correct this fellow, not just for his assumption that I don’t know about the 90s but for his statement that inflation was worse during that epoch. Granted it was perhaps at a higher percentage, but friends and I recently figured that the current real inflation rate of about 80%- you can always add 20-30% to the official government rate - though less than the 100% of the nineties, can actually be more hurtful to the average Turkish family. This is because in the nineties, many folks prepared themselves habitually, almost without bringing the subject of inflation to mind, to meet what was to be next month’s harsh reality. In those years, they had gotten so used to price increases- which were occurring in some realms at a weekly rate -that the subject even ceased to be interesting enough for everyday conversation.  

This, I want to argue to Osman, contrasts with the present, where people, confused by the government’s constant underreporting of the inflation rate and “good” news about the economy, find that they have to sell their savings in gold and foreign currency at month’s end to stay afloat. But I decide not to voice any of this because I’m not in the mood to engage in a discussion that will certainly lead to one about current Turkish politics. In Turkey, with a stranger, political topics are to be pursued with risk. I would prefer to keep things jolly. 
Me: You know, Mehmet Bey, coming in here from the rain and sleet to smiling faces and hot tea is like…(My compliment stalls, my Turkish vocabulary insufficient to produce the desired simile, though when thinking about it later, I didn’t know how I’d finish it in English either.) 

Mehmet: (looking at a message on his cell phone) Sorry, Peter Bey, everyone, I have to leave to check a server at a factory. You can wait here if you like but I won’t be back for an hour or so…. 
Ali, Can and Osman stand up and announce that they had better get back to work. Then, they and Mehmet, having worked themselves to the door, all turn around and look at me, still sitting with my glass of tea in hand. 
Mehmet: So, are you staying? 
I’m not sure Mehmet feels at ease with leaving me alone in his shop while he’s away, but I haven’t any desire to go back out in the rain. 

Me: I’ll watch the place for you while you’re away. I sort of feel like sitting here. OK? I mean, I’ll just tell people you’re going to be back in around an hour. 

Actually, I am mentally preparing myself to spend the whole afternoon in the shop, as the expression “in an hour or so,” as anyone who has been in Turkey for a while knows, means 2-3 hours at a minimum.

Mehmet: Wonderful! See you soon. 

I am both relieved and flattered to see he is genuinely relaxed about the idea of leaving me alone in the shop. I can’t help but feel I have achieved a breakthrough- a promotion in my rank as a foreigner in Turkey, if you will. 

The first thing I do, after gleefully closing the shop door, is order another glass of tea. When it arrives, I slip a newspaper out from under a collection of keyboards on the desk to read while I drink. I notice that the paper is over three months old but, no matter, I turn several pages to a Turkish journalistic mainstay of the reported sightings of pop stars and socialites in Bodrum and other resort towns.  I am having a fantasy located in a warm, sunny seaside town when a cold gust of wind lifts my newspaper off the desk. 

This is a typical page reporting on the activities of the elite in summer vacation playlands- here covering a 'White Party' (whatever that is) in Bodrum, celebrity and socialite events in Çeşme, and, at bottom, some wealthy businessman finding 'Love in Alaçatı.' All three towns are coastal resorts and for the rich and famous currently very chic and hip destinations.

Most Turkish newspapers have graphics like this throughout as well as having the majority of pages in color. There are only one or two major Turkish papers- out of 180 national ones!- that are black-and-white "serious." (Photo from Google Images)
Me: (eyeing what looks to be middle aged man with rained-on hair and black overcoat in the opened doorway) Mehmet Bey will be back in an hour. If you like, I can phone… 

Recep: No need. Say, you’re the American, Peter, aren’t you? I’m Recep, old friend of Mehmet from his village (sticks out his hand to shake). He has mentioned you. 

Me: Pleased to meet you. (He sits down, and I feel both surprised and flattered that he knows who I am) Let me order some tea. 
Now after exchanging some small talk, which includes me telling him, at his beckoning, a brief history of my time in Turkey, Recep smiles and asks 
Peter Bey, I can’t help but wonder (now that famous Turkish curiosity is welling up, and his eyes are glimmering), why would an American decide to stay in Turkey all these years? I mean, you even lived here all through those terrible years in the 90s…and now it must be over 30 years that you’ve been here. Unbelievable! 
Me: Well, let’s see…how to explain…when I first arrived here in 1990 from France, it was like, you know, I was just captured by it all. The landscape was beautiful, and the food, all of it absolutely delicious. The warmth of the Turkish people was unbelievable,  a greatly welcome change from France. But as for the women...just WOW! 

 Recep: (Breaks into wide grin)

 

 

Links in the Blogger sidebar to some parts of this blog are not always readable- this is an html problem beyond me -so to begin easier navigation, go to Part I First Half click here .



 Part IV 

                   The Belle Époque à la Turk                                                 Mostly Fond Memories of 1990s Turkey                                                                             

                                              A Minefield of Speech Laws

                                         

Part Four has undergone a sudden change. Originally, around half of it was about the Erdoğan government and how Turkey has been transformed during its rein. I wrote that whereas the changes brought on by the personal car and the explosion of TV and radio were profound, they were not “deal breakers” for me, meaning that I was willing to adapt to them and continue a more or less content residency in the country. On the other hand, the last 20 years governance by Erdoğan's AK party have transformed Turkey into a country in which I no longer feel so at home, and have prompted me to at least consider moving elsewhere. 

Because I focused on the doings of Mr Erdoğan and his party in the first half of this post, a lawyer friend advised me that I could be at risk of some type of censure. “When you mention the name Erdoğan so often, some sort of scrutiny becomes possible.” he said, adding the well-worn phrase, "Everything's possible in Turkey." There was nothing that could be interpreted as an insult against the president, he assured me- anyway, that’s not my style -but one of the variety of laws in Turkey against saying this or that could very possibly snag me and so demanded some prudence. Being prudent in my case, he insisted, meant jetting most of the stuff in the trash. At a minimum, he said, some of my bolder paragraphs focusing on domestic policies might be "reconsidered."

I was talking to my lawyer friend just after the second week in May 2023 when Erdoğan had just been re-elected. Before then, I had been thinking he might be replaced and a lot of the laws I worried about would be suspended by the new opposition president. When Erdoğan won the election, I began to feel uneasy and called my lawyer friend.

Months before the election, in January-February, although I and many others saw the possibility of a new dawn in Turkey- me with the hope of publishing my blog without concern for government reaction -we were at the same time more than a little skeptical that Turkey’s chronically inept opposition could actually prevail. Here is what I wrote early in the year in my original draft:  

"That Erdoğan gets re-elected in Turkey despite his autocratic style- he has won six elections since 1994 -is a paradox to many American and European journalists. Seeing him through western eyes, they have endlessly and gleefully predicted his downfall, only to see him come out of the next election triumphant, standing on his balcony and waving to adoring crowds. What is just as baffling is the huge support Erdoğan has enjoyed with the worldwide Turkish diaspora, including those in the land of the free, the U.S. 

"Though Erdoğan has retained enough popularity to endure as 'chief' of Turkey for the last 20 years, severe economic difficulties in 2022, with inflation estimated by various sources as between 60 and 80%, has engendered so much dissatisfaction his reign may well come to a close. With the recent emergence of viable and likable opposition candidates, and with six opposition parties forming a coalition to face off Erdoğan's party, some polls show him as already having lost the election scheduled in May 2023. I would be optimistic that a new era in Turkey could begin except that if the last 20 years has taught me anything, it’s that the man, in the face of weak polling, always gets a last minute thrust and rolls over the opposition."

In place of my none too astute ramblings about the Erdoğan regime, I have written not so inappropriately about the “minefield” of laws in Turkey that a political commentator or journalist living in Turkey, or even just a writer on social media like me, must navigate the moment they start tapping on the keyboard.

Let’s start with the big guns: 

These days charges leveled by the government against "worst enemies" usually fall under the rubric of terrorism- being a terrorist yourself, having affinities or sympathies with terrorist organizations, creating terrorist propaganda, etc. Although Turkey’s history of having to deal with an abundance of terrorist groups operating directly on its soil would suggest an arsenal of anti-terror laws was necessary- I think even the Baader-Meinhoff group left footprints here- it is the opinion of many Turkey watchers that currently they have not been applied in that sole direction.


When Mr Erdoğan won the recent election, he did in fact appear on the balcony to wave to his supporters, but only after first speaking to crowds from atop a bus. I have wondered if he did this expressly to challenge expectations we have grown about him after 20 years of victory celebrations.

I have found that statistics on how many Turkish citizens are investigated or prosecuted on terrorism related charges are suspiciously high on the Internet. Everyone knows it’s a lot, so there’s really no need to inflate the numbers. 

One source improbably claimed that between 2015 and 2020, the AKP-regime investigated 1,977,699 people on terrorism-related accusations. That’s almost 2 million out of a Turkish population of 84 million- over two percent, or one out of fifty people!
 
Another source declared there were 450,00 cases for about the same time period, though with some scrutiny I determined these were cases of investigation where additionally charges had been filed.*

*There are obvious differences between"investigated," "charges filed and prosecuted" and "sentenced," and they should be stated clearly as one or the other. After having combed many sites, my impression was that these different categories were sometimes let to slide into one another when the source had an agenda and wanted to be more persuasive. In this regard, if I get irritated and skeptical, it's because I'm averse to being manipulated, even if I happen to be in the same political arena.

Although not exactly what I was looking for, I have put some faith in a graph by the Council of Europe which shows the number of inmates by member countries in prisons on terrorism related offenses. It at least brings home the idea that terrorism related charges have enjoyed a prominent place in Turkey's judicial system. Of the 30,524 inmates in COE member states who were sentenced for terrorism related offenses, 29,827 of those are in Turkish prisons.  

Outside of avoiding  accusations of having ties to terrorism, both a journalist and John Q Public (or “sade vatandaş” in Turkish, meaning simple citizen) have many other reasons to be cautious in publicly expressing their opinion. Existing laws in Turkey allow the government to investigate people when they have created “panic or fear,” encouraged people to “disobey the law” or incited them to “hatred and hostility.” 

Added to the aforementioned are ones that make the reach of these laws so extensive that there is just about nothing, no pronouncement, written article or social media post that can be regarded as untouchable. To wit, there are in Turkey laws against “insulting” the moral, national or religious values of the country. Since it is obviously the government in power that decides what these values are, you can see that in the current climate one might have to tread very carefully so as to avoid tripping any wires.

Among the most famous cases of ostensible violation of these laws, Nobel laureate author Orhan Pamuk has been called into court at least a couple of times. Also, a criminal complaint was filed in 2022 against Sezen Aksu, a renowned Turkish singer, for "degrading religious values" because of the lyrics of a 2017 song of hers in which she allegedly insults Adam and Eve. This, believe it or not, prompted the government to launch a general investigation into Turkish song lyrics.  

If you do happen to be caught in violation of any of these laws, "detention" in Turkey may be more worrisome than actual arrest. Detention is generally a period where a suspect is held by the police as they investigate whether they can bring formal charges.* In Turkey the law is that if there are no charges to be brought, then after 24 hours (or 4 days for terrorist related suspicions) the suspect must be released. 

*Not all countries employ detention, though recently it has become a popular device for managing migrants and refugees.

That is how it is on paper, at least. Reality would seem to be quite different, with frequent reports of people being held for long periods without formal charges. 

Let’s put it this way: If Raymond Chandler’s detective Philip Marlowe set up his PI business in Turkey, his office would probably be shuttered within a month. You just couldn’t write a Marlowe case story happening in Turkey. This iconic scene, following his inevitable arrest as he works a case, just could never take place: 

Police Lieutenant: OK Marlowe, we got you this time. We’re rounding up witnesses that will put you at the scene of the murder… so don’t give me your usual sob story of a frame-up. Just get it over with and make a confession, will ya? 

Marlowe: Listen, lieutenant, you and me both know you got nix. Your charges don’t stick. You can’t hold me anymore than you can sing opera. 
(The Lieutenant lets out a disgusted sigh, kicks the steel wastebasket across the room while a smiling Marlowe stands up and starts to walk out the door.) 
Instead of his usual getaway, if Marlowe was hauled into a Turkish police station, as sarcastic and insolent as he is prone to be, they’d dispense with question time, throw him in the cooler and then contemplate (no hurry there!) which of the plethora of possible charges available- "insulting the moral values of the country" sounds like a good fit -had the potential for culminating in a six month stay.

Last but not least*, in the event terrorism related charges or accusations of inciting hatred or insulting values are not feasible, there is the option of suing you for having insulted Mr. Erdoğan. Such legal complaints are based on an actual Turkish law making it illegal to insult the president. Namely, under Articles 299 and 301 of the Turkish Penal Code, “Any person who insults the President of the Republic shall be sentenced to a penalty of imprisonment for a term of one to four years." According to one source, the number of people sued for insulting the Turkish president from the year 2014 to 2020 was 42,388, with 13,992 of those receiving prison sentences. 

Legal complaints alleging insult very often target users of Facebook or Twitter who have posted some unflattering comment about the president or “mocked” his policies, though in one case a person was actually detained by the police when he was accused of insulting the president by having said he wouldn’t serve Mr Erdogan tea.

*I seem hardly able to keep up with Turkey in this regard. As of October 2022 there is in Turkey a new law against disseminating disinformation. We all know that this is a real thing, but in Turkey one has to wonder what counts as such. If you tweeted a statistic which unbeknownst to you was wrong, would that count as a violation of the law?  

In the class of thin skinned politicians in history, perhaps there was no one more famously so in the United States than the second president, John Adams. He was so sensitive to negative commentary about himself that he brought on the the Alien and Sedition Acts that, among other things, made it illegal to “write, print, utter, or publish . . . any false, scandalous and malicious writing or writings” against the president. 

On the contemporary side, there are more than a few politicians- most notably Trump – who take umbrage at the slightest personal criticism. The thing is, you can bet if you called any of them “thin-skinned” to their face, they’d take the words as an insult and then most assuredly seek some sort of redress or revenge, a move on their part which obviously and ironically enough goes towards proving the truth of what you called them in the first place. (Cartoon from CartoonStock, used under license) 

In my case, as a man with a family, this arsenal of intimidation makes me think twice before I post any text on the Internet. When I write something on social media I always feel as if there were someone looking over my shoulder. I’m not sure how brave I’d be as a single man in Turkey in present conditions, but the prospect of me, with a wife and two boys, being sued for insult, let alone being jailed for insulting the moral values of the country, is a nightmare scenario. This is why it has become almost habitual for me to self-censor and put my American insistence of free speech on hold. I never forget that I’m writing as a Turkish citizen- I have American-Turkish dual citizenship -and am in fact subject to prosecution for my political statements just like any Turk as long as I’m in Turkey. The fact that the American Consulate could do almost nothing to help me if I am detained by the Turkish police gives me great pause before I publicly express any opinion about politics- or, well, just about anything -in Turkey. 

Perhaps at this point you are beginning to see why Turkey is not as fun as it once was.

                                        Anti-Western Westernism

In the last 20 years, the country seems to have been enveloped in a dark cloud of anger and suspicion, where a large number of Turks began to believe- if they weren’t already convinced - that all the nation’s problems, especially economic ones, come from outside Turkey. The government knows Turks are ripe to believe such narratives because virtually every Turk harbors some solidly planted anti-foreigner resentments. For one thing, every Turkish school kid learns early on that westerners showed no reserve in acting to demean the Turkish people after WWI. There is little chance Turks might one day forget the humiliation caused by the Allies occupying Turkey after the war, but even less chance of their forgiving those powers for disassembling the once mighty Ottoman Empire and for France and Britain to secretly divide up the pieces for themselves.

Moreover, the anti-foreigner lesson is one that keeps on giving. Just in the last few years, I can remember news of someone in the government denouncing (“blasting” or “slamming,” as local English language newspapers always describe it) France, Israel, Belgium, Austria, the Netherlands, Greece, the E.U. (apart from individual members), Russia (before Turkey decided to become an ally*), Saudi Arabia, Egypt and, as if it needs to be mentioned, the United States.

*The one area where Erdoğan and I are not in complete contretemps is in his practical approach to some of his foreign policy. His stance, in the beginning at least, was based on the principle of "’don't make enemies, make friends’ and the pursuit of zero problems with neighboring countries.” 

This policy is roundly ridiculed by the opposition and some foreign policy experts, as you would guess, but I admire at least the idea of a country unlocking itself- when "feasible" -from a historically adversarial relation with another. It has always seemed to me, for example, that there would be great mutual benefits if the US would do away with its habitual treatment of Cuba as an evil enemy. 

Russia is historically an on and off foe of Turkey but in 2015 after Turkey shot down a Russian plane infringing on its airspace and the two countries were on the verge of war, Erdoğan suddenly changed tack from sword rattling and made a concerted- and successful -effort to smooth relations. There were a lot of political reasons he did this, to be sure, but the rapprochement was especially helpful to the economy. It enlarged trade between the two countries and resuscitated the flow of Russian tourism Turkey has enjoyed for decades. For me, it was a case where practical concerns justly overrode pride, without, in my opinion, compromising important principle. 

Note: This reconciliation occurred before Russia's invasion of Ukraine. Since then, the ethics of Turkey's policy of "supporting" Ukraine but maintaining good relations with Russia has rightly been questioned.

During the focus of anger on any one country, I can attest to the fact that an expat from that particular country may very well feel the heat in some form in their encounters with Turks, most likely by being verbally addressed in some public situation about their country’s transgressions. At a minimum, foreign residents of a nation that has suddenly become an enemy of the Turkish government will receive an email from their consulate advising them to lay low. In many instances of political crises between Turkey and the US, I have received a message telling me to remain as inconspicuous on the street as possible, in particular to refrain from dressing like an American. Since the national dress of the Turkish male is heavily on the side of jeans, T-shirt, leather jacket and even ball cap, I have yet to figure out what they mean.  

This graph is a little old (data from 2013) and some countries will have moved up or down (probably Russia and Brazil up, US and NATO down) but you get the general message about Turkish attitudes toward foreign "groups."

Anti-western sensibilities (read the sixth paragraph) had always been kept mostly in check by previous Republican governments because they were a direct threat to Ataturk’s vision of a western-oriented, secular republic, but no less because such sentiments unbounded would have threatened the flow of economic and military aid.  (Graph from PEW Research, taken from Google Images)

Bad mouthing of one particular country (or the EU, or NATO) is continual in Turkey. To the foreign observer, it seems that if the reasons Turks are called on to slag off one group start losing their urgency, there is always another in the wings to take its place and, without missing a beat, receive the government’s inflammatory rhetoric- as happened in 2012 when Israel was temporarily edged from its number one spot in a sudden trade spat with France. 

At the time this trade dispute broke the news, I noticed that an anti-Israel Facebook page, begun after the Mavi Marmara incident, abruptly changed its agenda to be anti-France. Despite the hate and hostility manifest in both Facebook groups, I found the event kind of amusing, and I tweeted about it.


The antipathy felt by a lot of Turks toward the West should not be looked upon as something created by the Erdoğan government. Rather, it’s a case where inciting rhetoric and other signals from the them have given permission to the population to let loose anti-western feelings that they have carried around since childhood. The fact that Erdoğan has great influence over most of the media only facilitates this messaging. 


















This poll by the German Marshall Fund shows Turkish distrust of Europeans across the spectrum of political parties, from Islamists and nationalists (AK Party, MHP, The Good Party), to secularists (CHP) and Kurds (HDP)(Graph from Google Images)

When asked about their anti-foreigner sentiment, Turks routinely say that they separate the people from the government- that is, for example, that they may hate America but they don’t hate Americans, or, as some Turks are prone to say, that they are not anti-Semitic but only anti-Zionist. I have found, however, this to be something Turks are just taught to say, a part of the prescribed collective self-image that they learn when they are young, and that on a practical level, Turks do not always make the separation. I can attest to this from personal experience, from times with groups at restaurants or bars when I, as the sole American in the room, was the recipient of personally directed anger for Middle East war crimes- “Why you kill women and children for oil?” -or, for that matter, for any of the other sins committed by western civilization.*

*Paradoxically, if you, as a blatant foreigner, wandered into a village in rural Turkey- which should be a bastion of conservatism whose inhabitants conform to the graphs - and asked for help, you would be overwhelmed with their helping hand and welcoming attitude. This is not like the hospitality you meet in some touristic place like Bodrum or Antalya, which is really just the practice of good business. This is the genuine article, where money has no place in motivations. 

One night a few years ago, I drove into a small local village looking for a house of someone I had just met. I had only a ‘sort of’ address, just giving directions without street names or numbers, and the phone number I had written down was nonexistent. I soon found myself not knowing where I was or where I was supposed to go. 

 It turned quickly into a pitch black night to boot, and I saw no lights of a cafe or market where I might go to ask for help. The fact was, however, that even if there had been a market, I really didn’t want to ask anybody for help. I just felt out of place and self-conscious of being a foreigner. 

After a short while, I just gave up and pulled to the side of the road. As I was about to return home, a man came suddenly out of the blackness and motioned me to roll my driver’s window down. “Do you need help?” he asked across the glass. The shock of his sudden appearance was quelled by his smile and the sincerity in his intonation- this can’t be any axe murderer, I assured myself- and I was relieved to let him take the reins and maybe solve my problem. 

He led me on foot to where he thought the address was, but after it turned out to be wrong, he rousted three others to join us in the search. In what had to be an almost certainty in village life, one of them recognized my friend’s name and had a probable location for his house. When we found my friend, after just one misstep, there was a short round of backslapping- including mine – and then they all accompanied me like old friends into the house to drink tea and bask in the victory. 

In my Bursa years, I met a German couple who had had car trouble and got stuck in a nearby mountain village. They were so taken by the extent of the villagers' warm reception and offers of help that they bought a house there.

The best thing to say about the graphs I inserted above is that they’re true and they’re not true at the same time.

But in the harboring and spilling of anti foreigner sentiments are Turks any worse than other Europeans? Quantitatively speaking not so much, but when it comes to their anti-American vitriol in particular they show a qualitative difference that I noticed as soon as I got here. Whereas when I lived in France in the latter 80s I routinely endured slurs (some from French people but mostly from British residents) about Americans being uncultured or ignorant, in Turkey the anti-American commentary I got was 99% political in nature. Rather than being about the supposed crudeness of the American people, I heard instead about imperialistic foreign policy and criminal wars waged in the Middle East. This change would have almost been a relief to me except for the fact that, as I said, the attacks I weathered were very much like personal accusations. 

Just in the last 3 years I have been aggressively confronted five times by someone bearing a grudge against America and felt physically threatened. Most recently, I was in a pub with a British friend when a young guy stood up from the adjacent table, turned toward me and, after announcing that he understood I was American from my speech, started accusing me and “your people” of killing civilians and babies in Iraq. He then pulled his fist back as though to slug me in the face. Just as I was grimacing for impact, my British friend, who is a six-foot tall weight lifter, snatched his arm before he could fully extend it. This, thankfully, gave the pub bouncer the time to come over, subdue the fellow and march him off the premises. That did little to calm my adrenaline-charged nerves, however, and when the 10 or so people at the departed one’s table fully assessed what had happened and began loudly booing (“yuuuh” in Turkish), we took it as our cue to head for the exit as well.

A foreigner here for the short term may not meet up with this prickly side of Turkey, especially not if they’re a pretty or handsome 21-year-old English teacher living in Istanbul, which has historically been a homeland for expats. (It should always be kept in mind when thinking about Turkey that Istanbul is not at all representative of the whole country.) Neither may it be apparent in touristic places like Bodrum or Antalya, where foreign visitors are treated like special guests not just because Turkish custom dictates that the traveling foreigner must be taken care of, but because their currency is a life blood. If you fly to any touristic spot in Turkey today, I am sure you will be inundated with famous Turkish hospitality and never-ending offers of tea. However, keep in mind that the Turkey I have been describing here is like the real person hidden behind the well-cultivated persona, the “truer” version of someone that will not be seen by new and casual acquaintances but more likely by someone like myself, one who has been “the significant other” in a relationship of more than 30 years running.


I should mention that it has indeed occurred to me that my waxing nostalgic about the old Turkey could be seen as the patronizing discourse of an arrogant westerner. Perhaps you are ready to berate me, likening my longing for the old days to some pith-helmeted aristocrat reminiscing about his days in the colonies in the era when the natives were fun and not so self-assertive. 

But if I am guilty of missing the Turkey of yore, I seem to be in company with large groups of Turks themselves. Scores of social media sites (for example, here and here) extoll the virtues of Turkey's past, especially in the decades of the 70s-90s, with members’ comments usually focusing on how urbanization and modernization have destroyed not only the country’s natural and architectural beauty but also the “good values” of yesteryear. One common lament involves how there has been a loss of the neighborhood spirit common to past eras, where people used to be ready to help those in their community if they happened to get into bad straits. That is one spirit I personally know well. It is the same one that roused the eight taxi drivers to rescue me on my first, unlucky day in Bursa in 1990. 

(Photo, from Google Images, c 1930: Tourists embark into Constantinople, the gentleman in the forefront well-prepared to interface with the natives.)

                                                   A Visitor from the West

The reception of an American friend who visited here just two weeks after the attempted coup of July 15, 2016 serves well to illustrate the increased edginess toward foreigners I have been describing. Just a few minutes after her arrival in Turkey, my friend found herself in a terrible predicament and- something I would have never thought possible in this country – not one person she asked would lift a finger to help her.

She had arrived at the Izmir airport without a tourist visa but had not thought that would be a problem because arrivals, by her past experience and mine, usually just buy a 3-month visa from a designated window before they go through passport control. It was her misfortune that at 11.00 PM this window was closed. Worse, as she was told rather “gleefully,” someone to operate the window wouldn’t appear until 9 o’clock in the morning. Without the visa, they warned her, she would not be allowed to exit the baggage area. After she got a little testy- understandably so, since the prospect of spending the night after her long flight in a room with strip lighting and no chairs could not have seemed pleasant -their attitude apparently got even worse. They even refused her pleas, tearful in the end, to have someone let her friend, me, know that she was held up and not going to exit into the meeting area. 

Nevertheless, she did manage to get another passenger to pass on information to me of her predicament. We were resigning to the prospect of an all-nighter when, after about two hours, she finally exited into the arrival area. It seemed one of the personnel finally felt she had suffered enough and opened the window to sell her a visa- showing that they could have done so all along. 

To salvage some good feelings on the occasion of her arrival, I tried to focus the conversation on upcoming itineraries, but an hour after leaving the airport she was still visibly traumatized by the ordeal and mostly untalkative. All I could think of to console her was to argue that what had happened was an anomaly and that, as she well knew from her previous trips, it was not typical behavior of Turks. 

The trouble was, it appeared not to be just a freak occurrence. In the weeks after, there were several incidents that similarly left her frustrated or angry. One such incident happened in Ayvalık after she had gone into town on the bus but later found herself in unfamiliar territory and knew neither which bus she could take to get home nor where to get it. This was on an evening three weeks after the coup attempt and the town was having a rally for the Republic with music and speeches designed to work up patriotic fervor. There were hundreds of people milling about but not one of the ten or so people she asked offered to help her. Language difference is not relevant because the Turkish word for bus, "otobüs," should make the English intelligible, while the destination “Cunda” was one she knew how to pronounce. At one point she was in tears and even a pizza shop owner who knew me well, spoke English and surely recognized her from our having dined at his restaurant ignored her pleas for help. 

The first and lasting impression I got of Turkey after my arrival in 1990, one I think shared by most of its visitors, was that the people are extraordinarily friendly and helpful. Even when you factor in that over the 5 or so years prior to the coup attempt the Turks' spirit was becoming increasingly ill tempered, the behavior of the people we encountered post July 15 is shocking to me. Never in the worst scenario would I imagine Turks flatly refusing to help a tourist in distress, one in tears no less.

What I found inspiring about July 15, in spite of it being one of the blackest days in Turkish history, was that it was ordinary citizens who in large part defeated the coup plotters. As they learned the news of the ongoing coup attempt-  broadcast even from the loudspeakers of minarets -Turks, young and old, ran out of their homes into the streets to confront the soldiers' guns and astoundingly to face off and immobilize the tanks. It was a day I was actually proud to be a Turkish citizen. (Photo from Google Images)

When I recount my friend’s experiences to a Turk, producing an observable dismay, I am usually reminded by them- and you really can’t argue against this -that July 15 heavily traumatized the population. It’s only natural, they say, that there should be some change in the behavior of Turks, especially towards foreigners. After all, as the official narrative goes, they were the main culprit in the trauma.*

*The US was considered complicit in the coup attempt in so far as it was "harboring" in Pennsylvania the cleric Fetullah Gülen, who the Turkish government considered the mastermind of the coup plot. Another reason was that they suspected a US Army general was in cahoots with Gülen.

These things may have contributed to how Turks treated my friend, who was obviously American by her speech and demeanor.

Although you might say my friend was just unlucky having booked a trip to Turkey for summer of 2016, even now, after years have passed and other things have become the focus of the nation’s attention, the level of prickliness in Turkey is in my view still above pre-coup times. Perhaps my friend would not have the same ordeal at the airport, but I can’t be sure she wouldn’t have some other unpleasant encounters. At any rate, I am sure that she would not experience anything as wonderful as I did in the Turkey of the nineties. 

As I’ve been saying, many things that attracted me in the 90s and kept me on Turkish soil are no longer to be found. One of the most missed, for which you have heard me pine before, is the small but charming component of that era, the self-deprecation shown by so many Turks in talking about their people and country. In this, be sure there never was a lack of national pride displayed. Rather, there was just an honest acknowledgement of the country’s foibles, plenty at the time, often offered up in casual conversation, always with a tad of humor. It really was a lovable trait of the Turks. 

It's important for me to state that this attraction of mine to the Turks' penchant for self-criticism and modesty was not born of amusement coming from a sense of superiority. If, for example, the Greeks or Germans showed the same tendency, I would be equally taken with them. But, alas, they don't.

Unfortunately, this trait is long gone. The nationalistic defensiveness and general bitterness coming from the last 20 years seems to have snuffed it out for good.


                                                          But all is not lost 
                                                Continue reading with Part V

Links in the Blogger sidebar to some parts of this blog are not always readable- this is an html problem beyond me -so for easier navigation, go to Part V here